Michael Sandel 寫了本書"Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do?",探索了實用主義(Utilitarianism)、自由主義(Libertarian)、以至康德的哲學觀。Sandel的結論是“A just society can’t be achieved simply by maximizing utility or securing freedom of choice. To achieve a just society we have to reason together about the meaning of the good life” 。似乎到頭來又回到宗教的範疇。